CHAPTER 2 MICROPROCESSORS

Introduction :
Computer is capable of performing complex tasks, such as managing the brake system of a car. These tasks are processed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU comprises of the microprocessor. The microprocessor accepts input from the user in the form of the data and instructions. It processes the data using the instructions and sends the processed information to the output device. The microprocessor controls the system, therefore it is important to understand it's working. The choice of the microprocessor also depends on computing needs.
2.1 Overview of Microprocessors
The microprocessor is a chip that accepts data and instruction, processes it and gives the output. An instruction is a calculation that the microprocessor processes such as adding two numbers. One of the key elements of the microprocessor is its speed. The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors such as the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth, and the clock speed. The bandwidth specifies the number of binary digits that the microprocessor can process in a single instruction. The clock speed specifies the speed at which the microprocessor processes an instruction.The speed of the microprocessor also depends on the number of the transistors built into the processor. The transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor. The more the transistors built on the microprocessor the faster is the speed of the microprocessor. The advancements in technology have reduced the size of the transistors and have increased the processing speed of the processor. Microprocessors may also have a cache to store information. The microprocessor can access information faster from the cache than from the RAM.
2.2 Evolution of Microprocessors
Intel created the first microprocessor in the year 1971. Over the years, Intel has modified the microprocessor to make it faster, efficient, and reliable.

Intel released the 4004 microprocessor in the year 1971, which was used in Busicom calculators. The 8008 microprocessor was created in the year 1972. These microprocessors were used in bottling machines and systems that needed little processing. Intel released the 4040 and 8080 microprocessor in the year 1974. The 4040 was the 4004 microprocessor with extra instructions built into it such as logical and comparative capabilities. The 8080 microprocessor was the first microprocessor for the personal computer and was used in the computer called Altair. In 1979, the 8088 microprocessor was created for use in the personal computers manufactured by International Business Machines (IBM). In the year 1982, Intel created the 80286 microprocessor for desktop computers. This microprocessor was superior to the 8088 microprocessor in speed because the number of transistors on the microprocessor was increased. Intel also released the 80386 series and the 80486 series of microprocessors that processed data faster than the previous microprocessors. Intel went on to categorize microprocessors into families based on the need and use of the systems. The speed, performance, and price of a microprocessor differ from one microprocessor family to another. The launch of Intel Pentium microprocessor in 1993 enabled system to execute programs that required a lot of processing. Intel then gradually went on to develop the Pentium II, Celeron, Xeon, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 for different purposes.
2.2.1 Intel Pentium
The Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday applications, such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia applications, and games. The Intel Pentium family of processors is built with the power to work with all these applications.
1971 4004
1972 8008
1974 4040 / 8080
1979 8008
1982 80286
1985 80386 series
1989 80486 series
1993 Pentium family
1997 Pentium II Family
1998 Celeron / Xeon family
1999 Pentium III family
2000 Pentium 4 family
Intel Pentium I Processor
The Intel Pentium I processor was released in the year 1993. The Intel Pentium I microprocessor is the first chip in a line up that forms the fifth generation of microprocessors. The fifth generation of microprocessors uses different motherboard architecture as compared to the motherboards used by the previous generation processors. The speed of the fifth generation microprocessor is double the speed of the previous microprocessor.The main feature that differentiates the Pentium I from the previous processors is that the Pentium I processor has two pipelines. This feature enables the Pentium microprocessor to execute multiple instructions simultaneously. The Pentium I has a 5-stage pipeline for executing instructions.
Processor Clock Speed Mfg. Process Number of (MHz) (micron) Transistors (million)
Intel Pentium Processor with MMX Technology 233 0.35 4.5
Intel Pentium Processor with MMX Technology 200, 166 0.35 4.5
Intel Pentium Processor 200, 166 0.35 3.3
Intel Pentium Processor 166, 150 0.35 3.3
Intel Pentium Processor 133 0.35 3.3
Intel Pentium Processor 120 0.6, 0.35 3.2
Intel Pentium Processor 100, 90 0.6 3.2
Intel Pentium Processor 75 0.6 3.2
Intel Pentium Processor 66, 60 0.8 3.1
Intel Pentium II Processor
The Intel Pentium II processor was released in the year 1997. The reduction in the size of transistors and wires on the chip enables the installation of additional transistors on the chip. This has increased the speed at which the chip processes the instructions. Hence, the processor provides increased performance as compared to the Pentium I processor. The Pentium II processor provides support to work with applications developed for Pentium I. The Intel Pentium II processor is available on a card known as the daughter card. The daughter card must be affixed on the motherboard using Slot 2. The daughter card has the L2 cache built into it.The microprocessor communicates with the L2 cache at the full processor speed of 150 MHz whereas it communicates with the external memory such as the RAM at the speed of 66 MHz. The Pentium II has a 14-stage pipeline for executing instructions. The increase in the stages allocates the instruction execution over the different stages. This executes the instruction faster.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Bus Speed Speed Process Transistors (MHz) (MHz) (micron) (million)
Intel Pentium II 450 0.25 7.5 512 KB on-die 100
Processor L2 cache

Intel Pentium II 400, 350 0.25 7.5 512 KB on-die 100
Processor L2 cache
Intel Pentium II 333 0.25 7.5 512 KB on-die 66
Processor L2 cache
Intel Pentium II 300, 266, 233 0.35 7.5 512 KB on-die
Processor L2 cache
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Bus Speed Speed Process Transistors (MHz) (MHz) (micron) (million)
Intel Pentium II 450 0.25 7.5 512 KB on-die 100
Processor L2 cache

Intel Pentium II 400, 350 0.25 7.5 512 KB on-die 100
Processor L2 cache
Intel Pentium II 333 0.25 7.5 512 KB on-die 66
Processor L2 cache
Intel Pentium II 300, 266, 233 0.35 7.5 512 KB on-die
Processor L2 cache

On-die specifies that the cache is built into the daughter card.
Intel Pentium III Processor
The Intel Pentium III microprocessor was released in the year 1999. The Pentium III microprocessor is built with a unique Processor Serial Number (PSN) embedded in the chip. The PSN number when activated works as a system security tool. For example, while purchasing goods over the Internet both the buyers and the sellers system can be identified using the system PSN number. The Pentium III has more instructions than the Pentium II built into the microprocessor to process graphics. The Pentium III has a 10-stage pipeline for executing instructions.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Bus Speed Speed Process Transistors (MHz) (micron) (million)
Intel Pentium III 1 GHz, 933 MHz, 0.18 28 256 KB 100, 133
Processor 866 MHz, Advanced 850 MHz Transfer cache
Intel Pentium III 733 MHz, 700 MHz, 0.18 28 256 KB 100, 133
Processor 667 MHz, 650 MHz, Advanced 600 MHz, 550 MHz, Transfer
533 MHz, 500 MHz cache
Intel Pentium III 600 MHz, 550 MHz, 0.25 9.5 512 KB 100
Processor 500 MHz, 450 MHz
Intel Pentium 4 Processor
The Intel Pentium 4 processor was released in the year 2000. This processor enables us to work with applications such as digital photography that require a lot of processing. The Pentium 4 has a 20-stage pipeline for executing instructions. The Pentium 4 microprocessor comes in two sizes. The first microprocessors were large in size with 423 pins. These processors only supported RDRAM. Intel later decreased the size of the Pentium 4 microprocessor and increased the number of pins to 478. The microprocessor now supported SDRAM. The RDRAM and SDRAM are different types of memory. The Pentium 4 microprocessor is also available in the Hyper-Threading (HT) edition and the HT Extreme edition. The HT technology enables the microprocessor to process two parts of the program simultaneously. This ensures that the program executes faster. The Pentium 4 HT edition is targeted for gamers because 3D games such as Counter Attack and FIFA Football 2004 are complexprograms and require a lot of processing.The Pentium 4 HT Extreme edition is similar to the Pentium 4 HT edition. The only difference is that this edition has an additional 2 MB of L3 cache built into the microprocessor.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Bus Speed Speed Process Transistors (MHz) (GHz) (million)
Intel Pentium 4 3.40, 3.20 0.13-micron 178 2 MB L3 cache, 800 Processor
512 KB L2 Extreme Edition cache (HT Technology)

Intel Pentium 4 3.60, 3.4, 90 nano- 125 1 MB L2 800 processor
3.2, 3, 2.80 micron cache supporting HT Technology 560,550, 540, 530,520
Intel Pentium 4 3.40, 3.20, 90 nano- 125 1 MB L2 800Processor 3,
2.80 micron cache (HT Technology)
Intel Pentium 4 3.40, 3.20, 0.13-micron 55 512 KB 800 Processor
2.80, 2.60, Advanced (HT Technology) 2.40 Transfer L2 cache
Intel Pentium 4 3 0.13-micron 55 512 KB 800 Processor Advanced
(HT Technology) Transfer L2 cache
Intel Pentium 4 3.06 0.13-micron 55 512 KB 533 Processor
Advanced (HT Technology) Transfer L2 cache
Intel Pentium 4 2.80, 2.66, 0.13-micron 55 512 KB
533 Processor 2.53, 2.40, Advanced 2.26 Transfer L2 cache
Intel Pentium 4 2.60, 2.50, 0.13-micron 55 512 KB
400 Processor 2.40, 2.20, Advanced 2 Transfer L2 cache
Intel Pentium 4 2, 1.90, 1.80, 0.18-micron 42 256 KB
400 Processor 1.70, 1.60, Advanced 1.50, 1.40 Transfer L2 cache
2.2.2 Intel Pentium M
Laptops and notebook computers use the Intel Pentium M microprocessors. These microprocessors consume less energy and prolong the battery life of the notebook computer. These microprocessors are smaller in size compared to the microprocessors used in the desktop computers.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Bus Speed Speed Process Transistors (MHz) (GHz) (million)
Intel Pentium M 2, 1.80, 90 nano- 77 2 MB 400 Processor
1.70, 1.60, micron 755, 745, 735, 1.50 725, 715

Intel Pentium M 1.70, 1.60, 0.13-micron 77 1 MB Low 400 Processor
1.50, 1.40, Power L2 1.30 cache
2.2.3 Intel Celeron
The Celeron is useful for running applications that do not require a lot of processing. The Celeron microprocessor architecture is based on the Pentium microprocessor architecture. The Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and economical because of the small cache size.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Cache Bus Speed Speed Process (MHz)
Intel Celeron D Processor 2.80 GHz, 90 nano- 256 KB L2 533
335, 330, 325, 320 2.66 GHz, micron cache
2.53 GHz,
2.40 GHz
Intel Celeron Processor 2.80 GHz, 0.13-micron 128 KB
400 2.70 GHz Advanced Transfer L2 cache
Intel Celeron Processor 2.40 GHz, 0.13-micron 128 KB 400
2.30 GHz, Advanced
2.20 GHz, Transfer
2.10 GHz L2 cache
Intel Celeron Processor 2 GHz 0.13-micron
128 KB 400 Advanced Transfer
L2 cache
Intel Celeron Processor 1.80 GHz, 0.18-micron 128 KB 400
1.70 GHz Advanced Transfer L2 cache
Intel Celeron Processor 1.40 GHz, 0.13-micron 256 KB 100
1.30 GHz, Advanced
1.20 GHz Transfer L2 cache
Intel Celeron Processor 1.10 GHz, 0.18-micron 128 KB 100
1 GHz, Advanced
950 MHz, Transfer 990 MHz, L2 cache
850 MHz,
800 MHz
Intel Celeron Processor 766 MHz, 0.18-micron 128 KB 66
733 MHz, Advanced
700 MHz, Transfer
667 MHz, L2 cache
633 MHz,
600 MHz,
566 MHz
Intel Celeron Processor 533 MHz, 0.25-micron 128 KB 66
500 MHz, Advanced
466 MHz, Transfer
433 MHz, L2 cache
400 MHz,
366 MHz,
333 MHz,
300 MHz
Intel Celeron Processor 300 MHz, 0.25-micron NA 66 266 MHz
2.2.4 Intel Xeon
Intel Xeon microprocessors are heavy-duty microprocessors. These microprocessors powers servers and workstations on a network. The Xeon microprocessor supports two microprocessors on the same system.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Bus Speed Process Transistors Speed (GHz) (Micron) (million) (MHz)
Intel Xeon Processor 3 0.13 169 4 MB Integrated
MP L3 Cache 400

Intel Xeon Processor 2.80, 2.70, 0.13 169 2 MB Integrated 400
MP 2.20 L3 Cache

Intel Xeon Processor 2, 1.90, 1.50 0.13 108 2 MB, 1 MB 400
MP Integrated L3 Cache

Intel Xeon Processor 1.60, 1.50, 0.18 108 256 KB Adv. 400
MP 1.40 Transfer L2 Cache, 8 KB Execution Trace L1 Cache

Intel Xeon Processor 3.20 0.13 108 1 MB L3 Cache 533

Intel Xeon Processor 3.06 0.13 108 1 MB L3 Cache 533

Intel Xeon Processor 3.06 0.13 108 512 KB L2 533 Cache

Intel Xeon Processor 2.80, 2.60, 0.13 108 512 KB L2 533 2.40, 2 Cache
2.2.5 Intel Itanium
Intel Itanium microprocessor powers network servers and workstations. For example, dedicated servers that handle database requests and email servers use the Intel Itanium processors. It is a powerful microprocessor and can execute three instructions at a time. It is a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) microprocessor and has limited instructions built into the microprocessor.
Processor Clock Manufacturing Number of Cache Speed Process Transistors (Micron) (million)
Intel Itanium 2 Processor 1.60 GHz - 0.13 410 3 MB L3 Cache
1.40 GHz

Intel Itanium 2 Processor 1.40 GHz 0.13 410 1.5 MB L3 Cache
(for dual processor systems)

Intel Itanium 2 Processor 1.50 GHz 0.13 410 6 MB L3 Cache

Intel Itanium 2 Processor 1 GHz, 0.18 220 3 MB and
900 MHz 1.5 MB L3 Cache

Intel Itanium Processor 800 MHz - 0.18 25 2 MB and
733 MHz 4 MB L3 Cache
2.2.6 AMD
The AMD Duron and Athlon microprocessors were developed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Athlon is the heavy-duty microprocessor available from AMD and is similar to Pentium microprocessors. Duron microprocessors are similar to the Pentium Celeron microprocessors. Intel Pentium II uses Slot 1 to connect to the motherboard. Intel patented this slot and the competitors could not create a microprocessor to use this slot. AMD with the help of VIA Technologies, Inc, created the motherboard that uses Slot A to connect the AMD microprocessor to the motherboard.
2.3 Microprocessor Designs
The microprocessor is installed on the motherboard. The microprocessor is designed to fit into a motherboard based on the type of the socket or the slot used to connect it.
2.3.1 Microprocessor Sockets
The socket on the motherboard connects the microprocessor to the motherboard. The microprocessor has pins that enter the motherboard using which the microprocessor communicates with the system. Motherboards that use the socket to install the microprocessor use the Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) or the Low Insertion Force (LIF) design to install the microprocessor on the motherboard. The ZIF uses a lever to install or remove the microprocessor, thus the microprocessor can be installed and removed without using any force. You must use force to push the microprocessor in the LIF socket. You must use special tools such as a screwdriver or a chip puller to remove the microprocessor from the LIF socket.
Microprocessors support different voltages. The voltage required by the microprocessor is adjusted automatically by the microprocessor, however you may have to adjust the jumpers on the older motherboard. Jumper is a switch present on the hardware that enables you to configure the hardware.
Socket 1
Socket 1 supports microprocessors that have 169 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in three rows. Socket 1 supplies maximum 5 volts to the microprocessor. This socket supports the 80486 and 80486 OverDrive microprocessor. The Overdrive microprocessor can be installed on different sockets. These are used on older motherboards.
Socket 2
Socket 2 supports microprocessors that have 238 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in four rows. Socket 2 supplies maximum 5 volts to the microprocessor. This socket supports the 80486 and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors.
Socket 3
Socket 3 supports microprocessors that have 237 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in four rows. Socket 3 supplies 3.3 to 5 volts to the microprocessor. The voltage can be adjusted using the jumpers on the motherboard. This socket supports the 80486, AMD 5x86, and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors.
Socket 4
Socket 4 supports microprocessors that have 273 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in four rows. Socket 4 supplies maximum 5 volts to the microprocessor. This socket supports the Pentium 60-66, and Pentium Overdrive microprocessors.
Socket 5
Socket 5 supports microprocessors that have 320 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in five rows. Socket 5 supplies maximum 3.3 volts to the microprocessor. This socket supports the Pentium 75-133 MHz, Pentium OverDrive microprocessors.
Socket 6
Socket 6 supports microprocessors that have 235 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in four rows. Socket 6 supplies maximum 3.3 volts to the microprocessor. This socket supports the 80486 microprocessor.
Socket 7
Socket 7 supports microprocessors that have 321 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in five rows. Socket 7 supplies 2.5 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor. The processors for this socket use 2.5 volts for input-output, whereas the core of the microprocessor uses 3.3 volts. This socket supports the Pentium 75-200 MHz, and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors.
Socket 8
Socket 8 supports microprocessors that have 387 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in five rows. Socket 8 supplies 3.1 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor. This socket supports the Pentium Pro microprocessors. The Socket 8 is more rectangular in shape than the other sockets.
Socket 370
Socket 370 supports microprocessors that have 370 pins. In this socket, the pins are arranged in six rows. The microprocessors for this socket have the L2 cache built into the microprocessor. This socket supports Celeron 2 and Pentium III microprocessors.
Socket 462
Socket 462 is also known as Socket A. This socket supports microprocessors that have 462 pins. The microprocessors for this socket have the L2 cache built into the microprocessor. This socket supports the Athlon and Duron microprocessors.
Socket 478
Socket 478 supports microprocessors that have 478 pins. The microprocessors for this socket have the L2 cache built into the microprocessor. The Socket 478 microprocessor supports the Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor.
2.3.2 Microprocessor Slots
Microprocessors such as the Intel Pentium II, III, Xeon, Celeron, and AMD Athlon are installed on cards. The card with the microprocessor on it is installed on the motherboard. The card is built in with the L2 cache. This speeds up the processing because the processor can store the instructions in this cache.
Slot 1
Slot 1 supports microprocessors that have 242 pins. The microprocessor is mounted on a card that uses Socket 8. Slot 1 supplies 2.8 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor. This slot supports the Pentium II, III, and Celeron microprocessors.
Slot 2
Slot 2 supports microprocessors that have 330 pins. This slot supports the Pentium Xeon microprocessors. This slot is found on server motherboards.
Slot A
Intel patented the Slot 1. This allowed only Intel to manufacture microprocessors that used this slot. AMD created the Slot A to support the Athlon microprocessors. This Slot A uses the EV6 protocol that enables the microprocessor and the RAM to communicate at an increased speed.
2.4 Working of the Microprocessor
The microprocessor is a complex chip in the system. The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the data and give the user information. The various parts of a microprocessor are as follows.
Input – Specifies the system input devices
Output – Specifies the system output devices
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –Performs all the arithmetic calculations such as addition and subtraction and the logical calculations such as the AND and OR operators
Control Unit (CU) – Controls the flow of the data and information to other units of the microprocessor
Memory / Cache – Stores the data and instruction required by the microprocessor The data and the instructions for processing the data enter the microprocessor from the input device such as the keyboard. The CU stores the data and the instructions in the Memory / Cache and sends the instructions to process the data to the ALU. The CU retrieves the data required by the instructions in the ALU from the Memory / Cache. The ALU processes the data using the instructions and sends the result to the CU. The CU stores the result in the Memory / Cache and sends it to the output device such as the monitor or printer when required.
2.5 Interface of the Microprocessor
Data and information flows from the microprocessor to the different devices connected to the system. Hardware devices such as the hard disk, floppy disk, and printer are connected to the microprocessor using a bus. The size of the bus determines the amount of information that can travel between the two devices in a clock speed of the microprocessor. There are two types of buses, the serial bus and the parallel bus. On a serial bus, the data travels between two devices one bit at a time. On a parallel bus, more than one bit of information can travel between two devices.

The steps the microprocessor follows to interface with a device are :
1. The microprocessor checks the status of the device.
2. The microprocessor requests the device for transferring data.
3. The device sends the data request to the microprocessor.
4. The microprocessor sends the required data to the device.
2.6 Installing the Microprocessor
The microprocessor and the motherboard are dependent on each other. Before, we install the microprocessor, we must check that the motherboard and the microprocessor voltage are compatible with each other.
Hands on exercise
The Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket uses a lever that makes it simpler and safer to install the microprocessor on the motherboard. This socket also makes it easy to remove the microprocessor 40 from the motherboard without damaging the pins located on the underside of the microprocessor or the microprocessor itself.
To install the processor in the ZIF socket :
1. Check the voltage requirements from the motherboard and the microprocessor documentation.
2. Wear an anti-static wristband.
3. Place the motherboard on the work desk.
4. Take the microprocessor out from the anti-static bag by holding the microprocessor at the edges.
5. Check that all the pins on the underside of the microprocessor are straight.
6. Locate the socket where the microprocessor must be installed
Location to Install the Microprocessor
7. Find the lever located besides the socket for the microprocessor.
Viewing the Lever
8. Raise the lever so that it is at the right angle with the motherboard.
9. Align the notch on the microprocessor with the alignment notch on the motherboard.
Aligning the Microprocessor
10. Gently, place the microprocessor in the socket.
11. Press the microprocessor firmly in the socket keeping in mind that no damage is caused to the pins.
12. Push the lever back down such that it is parallel to the motherboard and locked in place, taking care not to break the lever while lowering it .
Locking the Lever to Install the Microprocessor
Hands on exercise
The Low Insertion Force (LIF) socket does not have a lever to install the microprocessor. We must force the microprocessor into the motherboard socket to install it.
To install the processor in the LIF socket:
1. Check the voltage requirements from the motherboard and the microprocessor documentation.
2. Wear an anti-static wristband.
3. Place the motherboard on the work desk.
4. Take the microprocessor out from the anti-static bag by holding the microprocessor at the edges.
5. Check that all the pins on the underside of the microprocessor are straight.
6. Locate the socket where the microprocessor must be installed.
7. Align the notch on the microprocessor with the alignment notch on the motherboard.
8. Gently place the microprocessor in the socket.
9. Use force to press the microprocessor firmly in the socket keeping in mind that no damage is caused to the pins. The microprocessors for Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron are available a card with the microprocessor installed on it. To install these microprocessors, we must fix the card holding the microprocessor in the slot on the motherboard.
The microprocessors for Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron are available a card with the microprocessor installed on it. To install these microprocessors, we must fix the card holding the microprocessor in the slot on the motherboard.
Hands on exercise
To install the processor in the slot:
1. Check the voltage requirements from the motherboard and the microprocessor documentation.
2. Wear an anti-static wristband.
3. Place the motherboard on the work desk.
4. Locate the slot where the microprocessor must be installed
5. Affix the plastic retention brackets on the motherboard, if not already installed.
6. Take the microprocessor out of the anti-static bag.
7. Hold the microprocessor perpendicular to the motherboard over the slot.
8. Align the microprocessor with the plastic retention brackets.
9. Slide the processor carefully in the motherboard slot
10. Pull the lever on the microprocessor outward, if required, to lock the microprocessor to the plastic retention brackets
2.7 Configuring the Microprocessor
The motherboard usually auto-detects the microprocessor. We can also configure the microprocessor by adjusting the jumper settings. Microprocessors can also be configured using the settings from the system Basic Input Output System (BIOS). The BIOS stores the system information.
2.7.1 Speed of the Microprocessor
The microprocessor is built and set to perform at the recommended speed. The recommended speed of the microprocessor is set below the maximum speed of the microprocessor. To modify the speed of the microprocessor using the system BIOS:
1. Start the system.
2. Press the Delete key on the keyboard to enter the BIOS setup.
3. Select CPU PnP from the displayed menu using the navigations keys specified besides the menu.
4. Press Enter to display CPU PnP setup screen that enables to modify the settings for the microprocessor.
5. Use the Page Up or Page Down key on the keyboard to select the required CPU Ratio. The CPU ratio is a multiplier that sets the microprocessor clock speed.
6. Press Esc to return to the BIOS main menu.
7. Press F10 to save and exit.
2.7.2 Overclocking
Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor. You can overclock the microprocessor by changing the jumper settings on the motherboard. You can also overclock the microprocessor by increasing the CPU Ratio from the CPU PnP Setup Page from the BIOS settings. Additional cooling devices such as CPU fans must be installed to cool down the processor because overclocking makes the microprocessor heat up very fast. The extreme heat level can reduce the life of the processor and can also damage the processor. Overclocking must be implemented with care by increasing the clock speed little by little. You must also check the documentation of the microprocessor and the motherboard before overclocking. Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity can permanently damage the microprocessor.
2.8 Upgrading the Microprocessor
The speed and the performance of microprocessors increase with the release of new processor. Besides this, every microprocessor has its own limitation. To keep the system up-to-date and to remove the limitations of the microprocessor, we must upgrade the microprocessor. To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the system with a new compatible microprocessor.
2.9 Troubleshooting Microprocessors
Troubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the problems that arise due to the improper functioning of the microprocessor. The general problems that arises from the microprocessor are overheating and slow processing.
2.9.1 Overheating
A microprocessor produces heat while processing the data. The microprocessor also overheats when it is performing beyond the recommended speed. Overheating can cause permanent damage to the microprocessor. Adequate cooling devices, such as a processor fan must be installed to cool down the microprocessor.To solve the problem of overheating :
1. Check that the processor fan is installed and functioning properly.
2. Check the jumper settings on the motherboard and the BIOS settings to see that the microprocessor is not overclocked.
3. Check that the voltage supplied by the motherboard is compatible with the microprocessor.
4. Check the motherboard manual to see that the motherboard supports the microprocessor.
2.9.2 Slow Processing
The microprocessor generally runs slow if there is some fault within it. A microprocessor can also run slow if the speed settings are not correct or due to some other fault in the system. To solve the problem of slow processing :
1. Check if the vendor has supplied the correct microprocessor.
2. Check if the microprocessor supports the applications that are running.
3. Scan the computer for viruses.
4. Check the jumper settings on the motherboard and the BIOS settings of the microprocessor.
5. Troubleshoot the RAM.

No comments:

Bollywood Hot Photo Gallery

 

Other Posts >>

Transforming Numerical Systems (5) What is (3) Features (2) "मैग्नेटिक हिल" साइंस के पास भी नहीं है जवाब (1) '43 (1) 'घाघरा' गाने पर इस बाला के ठुमके देख माधुरी भी रह जाएंगी दंग (1) 10 Amazing Animal Disguises (w/ video) (1) 10 Point Checklist for creating a WordPress Theme (1) 10 Ways to Get Traffic for Free (1) 10 ऐसे क्रिकेटर जो खेलते-खेलते मैदान से ही दुनिया छोड़ गये (1) 1000 से ज्यादा लोगों को कोर्ट में घसीटा (1) 2 मुंह वाला सांप (1) 20 Creepiest Ghost (1) 200' बार हुआ युवती से रेप (1) 25 हजार रुपये में ओला में रजिस्‍टर करें (1) 302/Day And You Will Not Believe How He's Doing It! India News investigates Work From Home Opportunities. (1) 33 साल पुराने मर्डर का रहस्य खुला जब खूनी ने खुद फ़ोन कर के अपना जुर्म कबूला (1) 4 साल में देश के 11 परमाणु वैज्ञानिकों की संदिग्ध हालात में मौत (1) 40 Magic Tricks in 4 Minutes - Day 279 of 365 (1) 4G से मत होइए खुश (1) 4जी की 10 जरूरी बातें जो आपको भी जाननी चाहिए (1) 5 Prestashop Theme Generators (1) 5 जगहों से जुड़े सच जानकर आपके रोंगटे खड़े हो जाएंगे (1) 5 बातें और हर लड़की आपके पीछे आएगी (1) 8 Ways to Spot a Liar (1) 8085 Microprocessor (1) ADBMS (1) Aishwarya Rai Photos Gallery (1) Aishwarya Rai Sexy look (1) Alia bhatt Bollywood Actress Hot Images (1) All Banks Official Missed call balance enquiry number (1) Amazing Magic Show: One Of The Best Magic Shows (1) Amisha Patel Hottest Photos (1) Amitabh Bachchan (1) Architechture of 8085 (1) Architecture of Database Systems (1) Artisteer 4.2 RC v4.2.0 build 60559... (1) Ayesha takia Bollywood Actress Hot Images (1) BREAKING NEWS: New Delhi Man Makes Rs.6 (1) Best Answer to explain OOPS (1) Best Free WordPress Hosting options (1) Best Love Shayari (1) Best Tool for Freelancers in Web Development (1) Binary 2 Decimal (1) Binary Numbers (1) Blog Directories To Submit Your Blog for geting traffic (1) Bollywood Actress Bipasha Basu Romantic Photos (1) Bollywood Actress Kareena Kapoor Hot Photos (1) Bollywood Actress Sonam Kapoor Hot Photos (1) Boost WiFi Modem speed (1) Browser (1) C++ Program To display the half pyramid of * (1) Casting Director: Dharmendra K. (1) Choosing an Internet service (1) Configure Your PC to a Local Area Network (1) Create your own Ethernet cables with this simple training (1) DBMS Architecture (1) DBMS Concurrency Control (1) DBMS Normalization (1) Data Warehouse Design Approaches (1) Decimal 2 Binary (1) Decimal 2 Decimal Transforming Numerical Systems (1) Decimal 2 Hexadecimal (1) Decimal System (1) Differences or Compare Data Warehouse database and OLTP database? (1) Discus (1) Discuss the top down vs bottom up approach to data warehouse (1) Display ads and Make Money (1) Download Artisteer 4.3 Full Version + Keygen Crack Patch (1) E-mail (1) ER Diagram Representation (1) Easy Magic Tricks for Everyone (1) Email Messages (1) Email protocols: POP (1) English Hindi Vocabulary…. (1) Example (1) Explain The structure of E-mail addresss ? (1) Explain various protocols used in E-mails (1) FREE SMS collection... “You only live once (1) FREE WordPress Plugins (1) Features and types (1) Features of Java Programming Language (1) First live video at Facebook head quarter by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg (1) Free Acting Audition In Ajmer (1) Funny Pictures (1) General Post Office(GPO) (1) Ghost Photos (1) Hansika motwani latest hot unseen photos (1) Hardware needed (1) Hex 2 Binary 2 Octal Transforming Numerical Systems (1) Hexadecimal 2 Decimal Transforming Numerical Systems (1) Hot & Sexy Wallpaper (1) Hot Photos and Wallpapers (1) How To Submit Blogger Sitemap To Google Webmaster Tools? (1) How a Browser Retrieves a Web Page (1) How do I connect to the Internet (1) How do I disable the video autoplay ? (1) How to Get Free Wi-Fi Access Anywhere (1) How to Hack Wi-Fi Passwords (1) How to Make Money Online with Google Adsense (1) How to Make Popcorn at Home (1) How to Make a Website without Learning HTML and CSS (1) How to Make an Ethernet Cable - Cat5 (1) How to Read Minds (1) How to Spot a Liar (1) How to get Traffic from Social Bookmarking sites (1) How to register a free domain name? (1) IMAP and MAPI (1) ISO 32 Bit and 64 Bit 2015 (1) ISP (1) Indian girls in saree (1) Indian glamour actress sunny leone hot Images-Sexy Wallpapers (1) Internet Service Provider (1) Is data warehouse normalized or denormalized (1) Java characteristics & features (1) Kajol (1) Kangna Ranaut Indian Actress hot Wallpapers Pictures (1) Katrina Kaif Hot Photo (1) Katrina Kaif Images (1) Katrina Kaif Pics (1) Katrina Kaif Pictures (1) Katrina Kaif Sexy Photos (1) Katrina Wallpapers (1) Keyboard (1) Latest Hot Photos of Sonakshi Sinha ~ Bollywood (1) Local Area Network (1) Lose 3 kgs of Stomach Fat EVERY Week with Just 2 Diet Tips. Bollywood Stars use this simple trick to melt fat off their bodies! (1) Love (1) Lucknow (1) MMC Console Window Keyboard (1) Madhuri Dixit Hot Sexy Photo Gallery (1) Make free internet calls (1) Mallika Sherawat Photo Gallery (1) Mars planet facts news & images (1) Most Beautiful Photos of Deepika Padukone (1) NASA confirms that liquid water flows on Mars (1) Nasa scientists find evidence of flowing water on Mars (1) Negative Binary Numbers (1) OOPS Concept (1) Octal System (1) Online transaction processing (1) Open X Ad Server (1) PHP Script. (1) PHP-based online shopping cart (1) Phir Jee Le Zara Ye Zindagi (1) Photos (1) Photos For Smile (1) Pics ... (1) Priyanka chopra bollywood (1) Programming Language (1) Protect Your Facebook Account from Spam and Scams (1) Protect Your WordPress Website against Spamming (1) RARE PHOTOS (1) RJ45 Connectors (1) Rani Mukherjee Hot Sexy Bikini Images (1) Rare Bollywood Pics You’ve Never Seen! Part (1) Reasons for creating a data mart (1) Relational Algebra (1) SEXY भारतीय लड़किया साड़ी में (1) Sexy Bollywood Actress Anushka Sharma Hot Pics (1) Sexy Celina Jaitley Photos and Pictures (1) Sexy Photos Gallery (1) Shayari Collections (1) Shayari on Human Feeling (1) Shortcuts (1) Speech In English / Hindi (1) Sri Divya Latest Hot Stills (1) Stills (1) Sweet and Sexy Pics Of Bollywood Actress Shilpa Shetty ... (1) Switching from decimal to binary numbers (1) TAX saving (1) TELNET (1) TELecommunication NETwork (1) Teachers' Day (1) Thank you teacher (1) Top 5 Animation/VFX Tools of the Year (1) Top 5 Joomla Template Generators (1) Top Sexy Pictures of Preity Zinta (1) Toshiba launches Android-powered TV (1) Uniform Resource Locator (1) Unity 4.6.1 Final + Patch Free Download (1) Untold stories of postmortem room (1) VFX (1) Very Sad Love Shayari for Broken Heart हिंदी में ... (1) Video Full video (1) Vidya balan bollywood actress hot and sexy image gallery (1) Web (1) What are the responsibilities of a data warehouse project manager? (1) What do you understand by Business intelligence (1) What do you understand by OLTP ? (1) What is FTP (1) What is GOPHER ? (1) What is a Search Engine? (1) What is a Web Browser (1) What is the Data mart (1) Which CMS is best as Content Manager ? (1) While You’re in Your 20s (1) Why (1) Why To Use Content Management System ? (1) Why You Hate the Sound of Your Own Voice (1) Windows 10 All Editions (1) Windows 10 Free Download (1) Wish you a Happy Teachers Day. (1) Wordpress Plugins (1) Xara Web Designer Premium v9.2.3.29638 (x32bit / x64bit) Full With Crack (1) Xender For PC free download Windows XP/7/8/8.1 (1) and how do I use it to transfer files? (1) bollywood actress (1) bollywood actress hot and sexy image gallery (1) but if you do it right (1) ca (1) data-warehouse (1) denormalization process for creating data warehouse (1) designs (1) explain with example (1) fb (1) form (1) ftp (1) hot indian bride pictures (1) hot alia bhatt (1) hot and sexy photos (1) hot sexy indian actress (1) how-attract-shy-girl-dating (1) indian (1) information life cycle management (ILM) definition (1) java (1) latest (1) learn english (1) linux (1) mehndi (1) mysql (1) numbers and character C++ Program to print half pyramid as using * as shown in figure below. (1) once is enough.” “In three words I can sum up everything I've (1) online dating tips (1) or OLTP (1) ost (1) php (1) pics and wallpapers collection ... (1) save tax (1) shah rukh khan house (1) spoken English (1) structure (1) the concept of information life cycle (1) tips-for-save-internet-data-pack (1) top down vs bottom up (1) trans (1) types of Database Users in Oracle or data base (1) watch Magic..Video (1) webking (1) webking host (1) website hosting cheep hosting (1) what is ISP (1) what is url (1) windows 10 key (1) www.webkinghost.in (1) you have never seen (1) अगर लड़की को हुआ है आपसे प्‍यार तो करेगी ये चीज़ें (1) अगले जन्म में क्या होंगे (1) अब मात्र 45 मिनट में बनेगा पासपोर्ट जानिए कैसे? (1) अभिनव से श्वेता ने की थी दूसरी शादी (1) अमेरिकी स्‍पेस एजेंसी नासा (1) अस्पताल जहां भूत-प्रेत करते हैं इलाज (1) आ रही है (1) आंखो की रोशनी बढ़ाने के 10 टिप्स (1) आत्माओं से बात करने का चौथा तरीका आप भी जानिए.. (1) आत्माओं से बात करने का तीसरा तरीका आप भी जानिए.. (1) आत्माओं से बात करने का दूसरा तरीका आप भी जानिए.. (1) आत्माओं से बात करने का पहला तरीका आप भी जानिए... (1) आत्माओं से बात करने का पांचवां तरीका आप भी जानिए.. (1) आत्माओं से बात करने के सरल तरीके आप भी जानिए... (1) आदमी की पर्सनालिटी उसके (1) आपबीती (1) इन देशों में चल रहा है 10G (1) इन महिलाओं के इशारे पर नाचता था अंडरवर्ल्ड. (1) इस झील में बहता है झाग (1) इस तरह से पता चलता है कि होने वाली हैं आपकी मौत... (1) उबालने पर दोगुना पोषण देंगी यह 10 सब्जियां (1) ऊप्स: एक ही समय में दीपिका की इतनी अदाएं (1) एक सैनिक की आत्मा जो कर रही 50 साल से देश की रक्षा (1) एकसाथ भेजें मेसेज (1) एमेजॉन (1) ऐसे पार्टनर ढ़ूंढ़ती हैं महिलाएं (1) ऐसे बढ़ाएं अपनी सेविंग (1) ऑनलाइन डेटिंग के लिये 5 टिप्‍स (1) काला नहीं हरा जादू है VFX (1) कुंभ (1) कुरुक्षेत्र (1) कैसे पाएं निजात मुंहासों से (1) क्या आप जानते है (1) क्रिकेट इतिहास के वे सुनहरे पल (1) खुलेआम हो रही है लूट (1) गंजेपन का नया इलाज (1) गले लगकर सोने के लिए 1 घंटे में लेती हैं 3 हजार रुपये (1) घड़ी बनाकर गिरफ्तार हुए छात्र ने छोड़ा अमेरिका (1) घर की गरीबी ने बना दिया था बार डांसर (1) घर-परिवार में झगड़ों का कारण बनते हैं ये 9 वास्तु दोष (1) चल रहा है 10G internet (1) चेहरे की चमक बढ़ाने के लिए (1) जानने के लिए जरूर पढ़ें (1) जानवरों को इंसानों से ज़्यादा फ़ोटो खिंचवाने का शौक (1) जानिए VFX की हकीकत (1) जानिए कैसे... (1) जानें कब पढ़ा गया आपका मेसेज (1) जुगाड़ के तो भईया हम ही हैं किंग (1) जो बन गए बेहद खास (1) टैक्स छूट पाने के हैं कई रास्ते (1) ट्रीटमेंट के 10 दिन बाद शुरू हो जाएगी बालों की ग्रोथ (1) डिलीट हुए मेसेज वापस पाएं (1) तीन साल बाद कार आपकी (1) तुलसी (1) तुलसी किस तरह (1) थप्पड़ मारती है आत्मा (1) दिमाग भी लेता है सांस (1) दीपावली (1) दुनिया का पहला अमर इंसान (1) दुनिया की ‘सबसे सेक्सी महिला’ (1) देखिए लोट-पोट करती तस्वीरें (1) नागा साधु (1) निराशा से निकलने और खुद को motivate करने के 16 तरीके (1) पत्नी का आरोप (1) पब्लिक ट्रांसपोर्ट में कैसे नमूने सफ़र करते हैं (1) पहली बार किसी लड़की से बात कैसे करें (1) पहली बार लड़कियाँ लड़को में क्या देखती हैं ? (1) पार्टनर के साथ ईजी हो जाएगी लाइफ (1) पूर्व जन्म में क्या थे (1) पेन ड्राइव से करें डाटा रिकवरी (1) पोस्टमॉर्टम रूम के भीतर की सच्चाई क्या है (1) पढ़ें ये टिप्स (1) फ्री मिलेगा यह फोन (1) बना दिया प्राइवेट पार्ट (1) बस के सामने दिखा भूत! फोटो हुई वायरल (1) बिग बी (1) बिग बी (Amitabh Bachchan) की लाइफ के RARE PHOTOS (1) बिना VISA 59 देशों में ट्रैवल (1) बिना मेकअप ऐसी नजर आती हैं बॉलीवुड एक्ट्रेसेस (1) बिना सिम के कैसे एक और फ़ोन नंबर रखें (1) बियर के खाली कैन से भी ऐसे बढ़ाई जा सकती है WIFI मॉडम की स्पीड... (1) बुजुर्ग की पिटाई कर टाइपराइटर तोड़ने वाला दारोगा (1) भारतीय दुल्हन (1) मंगल ग्रह पर बहता पानी होने के संकेत (1) मंगेतर ने न्यूड सेल्फ़ी भेजने से किया इंकार तो लड़के ने तोड़ी शादी (1) मछुआरे और मगरमच्छ में अनूठी दोस्ती बच्चों की तरह मगरमच्छ के साथ खेलता है (1) मजेदार तस्वीरें (1) मरे हुए बच्‍चों को फिर जिंदा करने का दावा! (1) महाभारत काल में परमाणु बम (1) महाभारत काल्पनिक नहीं (1) महिलाएं भी करतीं है यह गंदा काम... (1) माथा देखकर जानिए आप बनेंगे अधिकारी या भाग्य करेगा कंजूसी (1) मुर्गी पहले आई या अंडा (1) यह फोटोशॉप का कमाल नहीं है (1) यह है दो मुंह वाला व्यक्ति (1) यहां जुड़वां बच्चों का जन्म होना आम बात है (1) यहां हमले हुए तो खत्म हो जाएगा इंटरनेट (1) यूपी पुलिस ने महिला को निर्वस्त्र कर (1) ये बात लड़के भी नहीं जानते! (1) रखें इन 10 बातों का ध्यान (1) रहस्यमयी है यह मंदिर अंग्रेज भी नहीं खोज पाए इसके पीछे का राज (1) लग जाती है आग (1) लड़की पटाने के टिप्स या तरीके (1) लड़की पटाने के तरीके (1) लड़कों की ये 11 अदाएं लड़कियों के दिल को छू जाती हैं (1) लड़कियाँ क्या करती है जब वो किसी को पसंद करती है ! (1) वैज्ञानिकों के उड़े होश (1) वो 5 खजाने....जो बन गए रहस्य (1) शर्मीली लड़की को कैसे करें आ​कर्षित? (1) शादी से पहले पार्टनर से पूछे ये 5 सवाल... (1) शाहरुख के बंगले ( 'मन्नत' ) की INSIDE PHOTOS (1) शिष्यों की पत्नियां भी हड़प लेता था नारायण सांई (1) संकट के संकेत (1) संगीत सेरेमनी में बेटी ने किया था डांस (1) संपत्ति ही नहीं (1) सचिन तेंदुलकर (1) सड़कों पर दौड़ाई बिना ड्राइवर वाली बसें! (1) सरकार आपके अकाउंट पर रखेगी नज़र तो फेसबुक करेगा आगाह (1) सरकार देती है इसकी इजाजत (1) साउथ अफ्रीका की गुफा में मिला इंसान का नया 'रिश्तेदार' (1) सावधान! आसमान से आ रही है बड़ी आफत (1) सुलझ गई है पहेली (1) सैकड़ों सालों से इस नदी से निकल रहा है सोना (1) हर लड़की आपके पीछे आएगी (1) हिंदी में शायरी (1) हैरतअंगेज सीन्स (1)